S Ociology

When I get there, I will…," have always been the focus of party manifestoes in the Nigerian body polity. However, the levels of disappointments often face by the electorates after their mandates have been wasted by their socalled "saviours" has always been the case. This piece attempts the asking of critical, inescapable and touchable questions that exposes the unpleasant situation of the role of Nigerian leaders and how it has distorted, hijacked and paralysed the development potentials of Nigeria as a country. In the final analysis, attempts were also made to find lasting solutions to the leadership problems facing Nigeria as a country.

I remember been driven in a very dark and empty street of maiduguri with my cousins back in 2013. The roads were very dark and empty, and you could drive for miles without seeing anybody except civilian JTF. 2013 was a very bloody year for people of Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno state north east Nigeria. A lot of people were killed by the Boko haram insurgents, Boko haram means "western education is forbidden" the group was founded by late Mohammad Yusuf. The aim of the group is to establish an Islamic state in Northern Nigeria. The group radicalized a lot of people leading to the violent uprising in maiduguri in 2009, in wich mohammed yusuf was summarily executed. In 2011 there was an unexpected resurgence in boko haram attacks, the group was this time lead by yusuf second in command abubakar shekau. The group under shekau launched dearing attacks on strategic locations like the suicide bombing of the police headquarters in Abuja, and also the suicide bombing of the united nations office in Abuja.The bloodshed forced the then President Goodluck Jonathan to declare state of emergency in 2013, the president directed the immediate deployment of troops to the state for more effective internal security operations in the state. The state of emergency came with restrictions, highways linking Maiduguri and other parts of Borno were closed, night curfews and GSM communication also cut off. After the declaration of state of emergency, a group of youth volunteers emerged to help the military flush out Boko Haram. The group was known as Civilian Joint Task Force, the group was championed by the then GOC of 7th Division Lt col Sagir Musa. I went to Maiduguri in 2013 during the period of state of emergency, I was there to visit my cousins and their grandmother. Before visiting I heard a lot of news about the Civilian JTF, and was very excited that I was finally going to see the heroes of Maiduguri. It was during the holy month of Ramadan when we travelled to Maiduguri from Kaduna, and we arrived Maiduguri around 6pm. My first glimpse of Civilian JTF was at Auno the entrance of Maiduguri, I was together in the same car with my aunt and she showed me members of the civilian JTF. I saw youth holding light arms like sticks,matchete,swords, bows and arrows and also dane gun checking each car before it passes and they are been assisted by heavily armed military men. I felt like I was entering another country because of the security checks people were subjected to, this made me wonder how the insurgent are able to attack with all this checks before you enter Maiduguri.

Tourism can be defined as the commercial organization and operation of holidays and visits to places of interest. According to Haulot (Fuster 1971), the word tour comes from the Hebrew; it corresponds to the concept of discovering, trip, recognition and exploration. It is therefore about the activities of person or persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited (www.unwto.org). A tourist, on the other hand, is the one who makes a tour or tours, one who does this for recreation, for pleasure, or culture, visiting a number of places for their objects of interest, scenery or the like' (Fuster 1971). Tourism is therefore about movement around to places on interest, which also meant that there must be a pull and push factor before tourism can take place. In other words, tourism takes place when factors such as that of history, culture, commerce attract person or persons to engage in a journey for just that purpose to especially a location away from one's own area of domicile. It is based on this understanding that Kano State is going to be studied as one of the tourist attraction site in Nigeria. The objective is to promote the historical and cultural relevance of the state. An Overview of Kano Kano has a number of advantages supported by nature, which made the city a tourist attraction. A quick look at the climatic condition speaks a lot on what Kano stood to provide as a tourist attraction. Kano, in the first place, is one of the thirty six (36) states of Nigeria, located in the northern region of the country (Nigeria). Kano State has a landmass that approximately covers an area of 21,000 Square kilometers. It is located between latitude 12• 3' N and longitude 8• 32' E. It is

This study assesses the Challenges of the Traditional Institutions in Nigeria, with a special reference to the Dethronement of Muhammadu Sanusi ΙΙ of Kano Emirate. In the recent history of Kano there have been continues conflict between the traditional rulers and government. The two powerful institutions each with its support base, one
has traditional support and followership from the masses and the other has constitutional support. From 1960 till date, conflict has risen between three (3) Emirs of Kano and government at various periods, the conflict were over various government policies and reforms which were not in tandem with the Emirs. The conflict between these two powerful institutions (Traditional Vs Constitutional Authority) has brought a lot of instability to Kano state, and has also seen two out of three Emirs deposed by the state government. It has also led to the balkanization of the Kano Emirate twice. This study intends to look at this contradictory relationship between the constitutional state and the traditional one with special reference to the dethronement of the 14th Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi ΙΙ by the Kano state government in 2020.

Political participation is a voluntary act which encompasses wide range of political activities, including voting at election, contesting for political and party offices, attending political rallies, joining political parties and many more. Although, these political activities are considered to be "free zone" to all qualified citizens, especially in liberal democracies irrespective of disparities in wealth, education and gender, experiences in African countries generally and Nigeria in particular show that certain cultural values have systematically over the years impeded female gender from participating in politics, at least to a certain degree which to some extent tend to redefine the tenets of participatory democracy. With convincing data, the paper unveils the extent these cultural values have impeded the female folks from participating in politics in Nigeria and proposes alternative suggestions.

Using the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) and qualitative methodological approach, this article examines the impact of the Boko Haram insurgency on the various sectors and arenas of security as proposed by proponents of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. Findings of the article suggest that the presence and activities of this terror group have impacted the various arenas of security and have also created dire sub-regional and regional implications in spite of the various countermeasures designed by sub-regional and regional actors to counter the threat posed by the terror group. Therefore, to address this challenge, the article offers practical recommendations to critical and relevant actors involved in countering the presence of this group at the various political, military, societal, economic, environmental, sub-regional, and regional levels.