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Scott Hardie

Abertay University, School of Applied Sciences - Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty Member

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Phone: 01382 308587
Address: Social & Health Sciences
University of Abertay Dundee
Room Level 5
Kydd Building
Bell Street
Dundee DD1 1HG

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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

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Vancouver Island University

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University of Kent

University of Coimbra

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Papers by Scott Hardie

Ability to attend to functionally relevant features of objects in gibbons (Hylobatidae)

Folia Primatologica, May 1, 2020

Globally, approximately 100,000 non-human primates are used for experimental research and testing... more Globally, approximately 100,000 non-human primates are used for experimental research and testing purposes each year. There are countless others held in captivity for breeding to become research subjects, housed in zoos and sanctuaries, or kept as 'pets'. Primatologists should be ambassadors for these animals. Our academic research, teaching and public engagement activities have the potential to positively impact the welfare of primates. I outline how our conceptualisation of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement-the basic principles underpinning humane science) have evolved for the better since their inception in 1959. Concurrently, perceptions and methods of welfare assessment have changed from the five freedoms, which are concerned with the absence of suffering, to the promotion of positive affective states over a lifetime. Against this backdrop, I argue that what matters is how primates 'feel' , and that the human community must work towards providing them with opportunities to thrive, optimising their wellbeing within research and financial constraints. Welfare must be considered 24/7 across the lifespan, especially given the critical effect of early life experiences on later resilience. The promotion of good welfare is the ethical responsibility of all who care for and study primates, whether in the wild or captivity; it is also fundamental for good science. My hope is that there will come a time, in the not so distant future, when primates are no longer used in regulated research and testing in laboratories.

Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter

PsycTESTS Dataset, 2013

Mixed-species Saguinus groups at Belfast Zoological Gardens

Neotropical Primates, 1993

Callitrichids at Belfast Zoological Gardens, Northern Ireland

Neotropical Primates, 1996

Ten years of mixed-species troops at Belfast Zoological Gardens

Contents, Vol. 64, 1995

Folia Primatologica, 1995

Data Report: Golf-Related Engagement During COVID-19 Quarantine Restrictions (4–12th May 2020)

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2020

Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open... more

The association of golf participation with health and wellbeing: A comparative study

Golf participation is comprised of activities likely to be beneficial to golfers' health and ... more Golf participation is comprised of activities likely to be beneficial to golfers' health and wellbeing, including regular walking and social interactions. The study aimed to use a questionnaire to compare physical activity, social trust and personal wellbeing of golfers with national statistics. Furthermore, the study aimed to measure the association between golfers’ physical activity levels and self-efficacy for both golf and general exercise participation. Results demonstrated that golfers reported significantly different physical activity levels in comparison to the population of England. Golfers scored significantly higher on social trust and personal wellbeing compared to the population of the UK and England respectively. Golf and exercise self-efficacy were significantly associated with physical activity. The findings of the study demonstrate that, despite golfers having relatively lower levels of physical activity, golf participation is associated with psychological wellb...

The Impact of the Closure and Reopening of Golf Courses in the United Kingdom on Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Study Approach

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021

The purpose of this multi-study was to assess what impact the closure and reopening of golf cours... more The purpose of this multi-study was to assess what impact the closure and reopening of golf courses had on: personal competence; sense of belonging; enjoyment; self-esteem; self-confidence; resilience; social connections; wellbeing and life satisfaction (hereafter referred to collectively as “key variables of interest”) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Golfers (Study 1: n = 298, Study 2: n = 124) ≥16 years old residing in the UK participated in this study which collected data using online surveys. Study 1 was conducted during a period of quarantine restrictions (4–12th May 2020), whilst study 2 took place following the easing of the COVID-19 quarantine restrictions (6–14th July 2020). Within study 1 and study 2, key variables of interest levels were also collected to investigate the association with golf related activities. The findings of study 1 highlighted that negligible and non-significant correlations were observed between golf physical and sedentary activities and key variables ...

Golf-related engagement during COVID-19 quarantine restrictions, 4-12th May 2020

This Data Report presents a description of a research dataset on golf-related engagement amongst ... more

Outcome measurement in a Scottish mental health charity

Mental health today (Brighton, England)

■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health wor... more ■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health workers and service users ■ The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (i-ROC) has been developed as a ROM for recovery in mental health ■ Feedback from managers, staff and service users indicates that the i-ROC is user friendly and provides valuable information for these three stakeholder groups. D espite a growing body of literature emphasising its importance, routine outcome measurement (ROM) in the UK remains relatively uncommon. But Scottish mental health charity Penumbra is embedding ROM in its everyday work and it is becoming increasingly important. ROM refers to the planned, systematic measurement and recording of clearly defined variables using specified and robust measures. In the context of mental health, this might involve measuring symptoms, quality of life or behavioural indicators, such as frequency of engagement or disengagement with a particular behaviour such as drinking or drug use. There is a growing literature base on the use of ROM. In some countries the approach is mandatory; national and state funders of mental health services in Australia and New Zealand require services to collect and use outcome data (Trauer, 2010). Data collected as part of ROM can be used to map progress, provide feedback to service users and help clinicians to monitor the impact of their interventions. ROM can also enable services to monitor their effectiveness, plan future developments and provide evidence to funders of cost efficiency. In the current era of cuts to public services, this latter point is particularly pertinent.

Factor validation and Rasch analysis of the individual recovery outcomes counter

Disability and Rehabilitation

Objective: The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is a 12-item personal recovery selfassessment... more Objective: The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is a 12-item personal recovery selfassessment tool for adults with mental health problems. Although widely used across Scotland, limited research into its psychometric properties has been conducted. We tested its' measurement properties to ascertain the suitability of the tool for continued use in its present form. Materials and methods: Anonymised data from the assessments of 1,743 adults using mental health services in Scotland were subject to tests based on principles of Rasch measurement theory, principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Rasch analysis revealed that the 6-point response structure of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter was problematic. Re-scoring on a 4-point scale revealed wellordered items that measure a single, recovery-related construct, and has acceptable fit statistics. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this. Scale items covered around 75% of the recovery continuum; those individuals least far along the continuum were least well addressed. Conclusions: A modified tool worked well for many, but not all, service users. The study suggests specific developments are required if the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is to maximise its' utility for service users and provide meaningful data for service providers.

A tool to measure progress and outcome in recovery

British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2013

Recovery and the use of routine outcome measurement tools are key topics for mental health nurses... more Recovery and the use of routine outcome measurement tools are key topics for mental health nurses. This article reports on research carried out to assess the usability of an outcome measure designed to assess recovery in clinical practice. Results indicate that the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) is both easy to use and well liked by services users.

Influences of lateral preference and personality on behaviour towards a manual sorting task

Personality and Individual Differences, 2013

Differences in task behaviour between left-and right-handers and left-and right-eared individuals... more Differences in task behaviour between left-and right-handers and left-and right-eared individuals have been reported (e.g. Wright, Hardie & Rodway, 2004; Jackson, 2008) with left-handers taking longer to begin a task and right-eared individuals having a more disinhibited approach. Personality measurements are also important when examining approach behaviour. Jackson (2008) reported that those with higher neuroticism levels and a right-ear preference react faster to tasks. The current study investigated the effects of lateral preference and personality on behaviour towards a manual sorting task. Eighty-five participants completed laterality and personality scales and a card-sorting task. Degree of hand preference was found to influence behaviour towards the task with strong left-handers taking longer to begin. Those with a left congruent lateral preference (left-hand, left-ear) took significantly longer to begin the task than those with a right congruent preference. Neither neuroticism nor extraversion influenced task approach. We concluded that hand preference, and more specifically a strong left-hand preference is a good predictor of a longer initiation time on a manual task. Ear preference on its own does not predict initiation time.

Outcome measurement in a Scottish mental health charity

Mental health today, 2012

■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health wor... more ■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health workers and service users ■ The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (i-ROC) has been developed as a ROM for recovery in mental health ■ Feedback from managers, staff and service users indicates that the i-ROC is user friendly and provides valuable information for these three stakeholder groups. D espite a growing body of literature emphasising its importance, routine outcome measurement (ROM) in the UK remains relatively uncommon. But Scottish mental health charity Penumbra is embedding ROM in its everyday work and it is becoming increasingly important. ROM refers to the planned, systematic measurement and recording of clearly defined variables using specified and robust measures. In the context of mental health, this might involve measuring symptoms, quality of life or behavioural indicators, such as frequency of engagement or disengagement with a particular behaviour such as drinking or ...

Mixed-species tamarin groups (Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus labiatus) in northern Bolivia

Personally meaningful recovery in people with psychological trauma: Initial validity and reliability of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC)

International Journal of Mental Health Nursing

Do lemurs know when they could be wrong? An investigation of information seeking in three species of lemur (Lemur catta, Eulemur rubriventer, and Varecia variegata)

Journal of Comparative Psychology

Do lemurs know when they could be wrong? An investigation of information seeking in three species... more

Handedness and social anxiety: Using Bryden's research as a catalyst to explore the influence of familial sinistrality and degree of handedness

Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 2016

Phil Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;a... more Phil Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s work has impacted on many areas of laterality, including degree and measurement of hand preference, as well as influences of familial sinistrality (FS). For example, Bryden[(1977). Measuring handedness with questionnaires. Neuropsychologia, 15, 617-624] is a well-cited and influential paper that remains relevant to this day. Inspired by this we extended our analysis of the relationship between handedness and anxiety in a number of ways. We used familial handedness and strength of handedness to examine their potential influences on anxiety, and extended our research by exploring their relationship to social anxiety, using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Inconsistent left-handers (ILH) were found to be more socially anxious. In all categories of SPIN except avoidance, ILH were significantly more anxious than consistent right- and left-handers. There were FS differences between ILH with a first degree left-handed relative (FS+) compared to ILH with no first degree left-handed relative (FS-) on all categories of anxiety scores. Within FS+ participants, ILH had significantly higher anxiety scores, compared with consistent handers across all categories. This suggests that ILH&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s social anxiety may be influenced by a close left-handed relative. Inspired by examining Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s work for this special issue, we will continue to add both strength of preference and familial handedness to our work.

The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter: preliminary validation of a personal recovery measure

Ability to attend to functionally relevant features of objects in gibbons (Hylobatidae)

Folia Primatologica, May 1, 2020

Globally, approximately 100,000 non-human primates are used for experimental research and testing... more Globally, approximately 100,000 non-human primates are used for experimental research and testing purposes each year. There are countless others held in captivity for breeding to become research subjects, housed in zoos and sanctuaries, or kept as 'pets'. Primatologists should be ambassadors for these animals. Our academic research, teaching and public engagement activities have the potential to positively impact the welfare of primates. I outline how our conceptualisation of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement-the basic principles underpinning humane science) have evolved for the better since their inception in 1959. Concurrently, perceptions and methods of welfare assessment have changed from the five freedoms, which are concerned with the absence of suffering, to the promotion of positive affective states over a lifetime. Against this backdrop, I argue that what matters is how primates 'feel' , and that the human community must work towards providing them with opportunities to thrive, optimising their wellbeing within research and financial constraints. Welfare must be considered 24/7 across the lifespan, especially given the critical effect of early life experiences on later resilience. The promotion of good welfare is the ethical responsibility of all who care for and study primates, whether in the wild or captivity; it is also fundamental for good science. My hope is that there will come a time, in the not so distant future, when primates are no longer used in regulated research and testing in laboratories.

Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter

PsycTESTS Dataset, 2013

Mixed-species Saguinus groups at Belfast Zoological Gardens

Neotropical Primates, 1993

Callitrichids at Belfast Zoological Gardens, Northern Ireland

Neotropical Primates, 1996

Ten years of mixed-species troops at Belfast Zoological Gardens

Contents, Vol. 64, 1995

Folia Primatologica, 1995

Data Report: Golf-Related Engagement During COVID-19 Quarantine Restrictions (4–12th May 2020)

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2020

Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open... more

The association of golf participation with health and wellbeing: A comparative study

Golf participation is comprised of activities likely to be beneficial to golfers' health and ... more Golf participation is comprised of activities likely to be beneficial to golfers' health and wellbeing, including regular walking and social interactions. The study aimed to use a questionnaire to compare physical activity, social trust and personal wellbeing of golfers with national statistics. Furthermore, the study aimed to measure the association between golfers’ physical activity levels and self-efficacy for both golf and general exercise participation. Results demonstrated that golfers reported significantly different physical activity levels in comparison to the population of England. Golfers scored significantly higher on social trust and personal wellbeing compared to the population of the UK and England respectively. Golf and exercise self-efficacy were significantly associated with physical activity. The findings of the study demonstrate that, despite golfers having relatively lower levels of physical activity, golf participation is associated with psychological wellb...

The Impact of the Closure and Reopening of Golf Courses in the United Kingdom on Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Study Approach

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021

The purpose of this multi-study was to assess what impact the closure and reopening of golf cours... more The purpose of this multi-study was to assess what impact the closure and reopening of golf courses had on: personal competence; sense of belonging; enjoyment; self-esteem; self-confidence; resilience; social connections; wellbeing and life satisfaction (hereafter referred to collectively as “key variables of interest”) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Golfers (Study 1: n = 298, Study 2: n = 124) ≥16 years old residing in the UK participated in this study which collected data using online surveys. Study 1 was conducted during a period of quarantine restrictions (4–12th May 2020), whilst study 2 took place following the easing of the COVID-19 quarantine restrictions (6–14th July 2020). Within study 1 and study 2, key variables of interest levels were also collected to investigate the association with golf related activities. The findings of study 1 highlighted that negligible and non-significant correlations were observed between golf physical and sedentary activities and key variables ...

Golf-related engagement during COVID-19 quarantine restrictions, 4-12th May 2020

This Data Report presents a description of a research dataset on golf-related engagement amongst ... more

Outcome measurement in a Scottish mental health charity

Mental health today (Brighton, England)

■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health wor... more ■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health workers and service users ■ The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (i-ROC) has been developed as a ROM for recovery in mental health ■ Feedback from managers, staff and service users indicates that the i-ROC is user friendly and provides valuable information for these three stakeholder groups. D espite a growing body of literature emphasising its importance, routine outcome measurement (ROM) in the UK remains relatively uncommon. But Scottish mental health charity Penumbra is embedding ROM in its everyday work and it is becoming increasingly important. ROM refers to the planned, systematic measurement and recording of clearly defined variables using specified and robust measures. In the context of mental health, this might involve measuring symptoms, quality of life or behavioural indicators, such as frequency of engagement or disengagement with a particular behaviour such as drinking or drug use. There is a growing literature base on the use of ROM. In some countries the approach is mandatory; national and state funders of mental health services in Australia and New Zealand require services to collect and use outcome data (Trauer, 2010). Data collected as part of ROM can be used to map progress, provide feedback to service users and help clinicians to monitor the impact of their interventions. ROM can also enable services to monitor their effectiveness, plan future developments and provide evidence to funders of cost efficiency. In the current era of cuts to public services, this latter point is particularly pertinent.

Factor validation and Rasch analysis of the individual recovery outcomes counter

Disability and Rehabilitation

Objective: The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is a 12-item personal recovery selfassessment... more Objective: The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is a 12-item personal recovery selfassessment tool for adults with mental health problems. Although widely used across Scotland, limited research into its psychometric properties has been conducted. We tested its' measurement properties to ascertain the suitability of the tool for continued use in its present form. Materials and methods: Anonymised data from the assessments of 1,743 adults using mental health services in Scotland were subject to tests based on principles of Rasch measurement theory, principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Rasch analysis revealed that the 6-point response structure of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter was problematic. Re-scoring on a 4-point scale revealed wellordered items that measure a single, recovery-related construct, and has acceptable fit statistics. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this. Scale items covered around 75% of the recovery continuum; those individuals least far along the continuum were least well addressed. Conclusions: A modified tool worked well for many, but not all, service users. The study suggests specific developments are required if the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter is to maximise its' utility for service users and provide meaningful data for service providers.

A tool to measure progress and outcome in recovery

British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2013

Recovery and the use of routine outcome measurement tools are key topics for mental health nurses... more Recovery and the use of routine outcome measurement tools are key topics for mental health nurses. This article reports on research carried out to assess the usability of an outcome measure designed to assess recovery in clinical practice. Results indicate that the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) is both easy to use and well liked by services users.

Influences of lateral preference and personality on behaviour towards a manual sorting task

Personality and Individual Differences, 2013

Differences in task behaviour between left-and right-handers and left-and right-eared individuals... more Differences in task behaviour between left-and right-handers and left-and right-eared individuals have been reported (e.g. Wright, Hardie & Rodway, 2004; Jackson, 2008) with left-handers taking longer to begin a task and right-eared individuals having a more disinhibited approach. Personality measurements are also important when examining approach behaviour. Jackson (2008) reported that those with higher neuroticism levels and a right-ear preference react faster to tasks. The current study investigated the effects of lateral preference and personality on behaviour towards a manual sorting task. Eighty-five participants completed laterality and personality scales and a card-sorting task. Degree of hand preference was found to influence behaviour towards the task with strong left-handers taking longer to begin. Those with a left congruent lateral preference (left-hand, left-ear) took significantly longer to begin the task than those with a right congruent preference. Neither neuroticism nor extraversion influenced task approach. We concluded that hand preference, and more specifically a strong left-hand preference is a good predictor of a longer initiation time on a manual task. Ear preference on its own does not predict initiation time.

Outcome measurement in a Scottish mental health charity

Mental health today, 2012

■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health wor... more ■ Routine outcome measures (ROM) can have practical benefits for organisations, mental health workers and service users ■ The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (i-ROC) has been developed as a ROM for recovery in mental health ■ Feedback from managers, staff and service users indicates that the i-ROC is user friendly and provides valuable information for these three stakeholder groups. D espite a growing body of literature emphasising its importance, routine outcome measurement (ROM) in the UK remains relatively uncommon. But Scottish mental health charity Penumbra is embedding ROM in its everyday work and it is becoming increasingly important. ROM refers to the planned, systematic measurement and recording of clearly defined variables using specified and robust measures. In the context of mental health, this might involve measuring symptoms, quality of life or behavioural indicators, such as frequency of engagement or disengagement with a particular behaviour such as drinking or ...

Mixed-species tamarin groups (Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus labiatus) in northern Bolivia

Personally meaningful recovery in people with psychological trauma: Initial validity and reliability of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC)

International Journal of Mental Health Nursing

Do lemurs know when they could be wrong? An investigation of information seeking in three species of lemur (Lemur catta, Eulemur rubriventer, and Varecia variegata)

Journal of Comparative Psychology

Do lemurs know when they could be wrong? An investigation of information seeking in three species... more

Handedness and social anxiety: Using Bryden's research as a catalyst to explore the influence of familial sinistrality and degree of handedness

Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 2016

Phil Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;a... more Phil Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s work has impacted on many areas of laterality, including degree and measurement of hand preference, as well as influences of familial sinistrality (FS). For example, Bryden[(1977). Measuring handedness with questionnaires. Neuropsychologia, 15, 617-624] is a well-cited and influential paper that remains relevant to this day. Inspired by this we extended our analysis of the relationship between handedness and anxiety in a number of ways. We used familial handedness and strength of handedness to examine their potential influences on anxiety, and extended our research by exploring their relationship to social anxiety, using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Inconsistent left-handers (ILH) were found to be more socially anxious. In all categories of SPIN except avoidance, ILH were significantly more anxious than consistent right- and left-handers. There were FS differences between ILH with a first degree left-handed relative (FS+) compared to ILH with no first degree left-handed relative (FS-) on all categories of anxiety scores. Within FS+ participants, ILH had significantly higher anxiety scores, compared with consistent handers across all categories. This suggests that ILH&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s social anxiety may be influenced by a close left-handed relative. Inspired by examining Bryden&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s work for this special issue, we will continue to add both strength of preference and familial handedness to our work.

The Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter: preliminary validation of a personal recovery measure