The Industrial designers' knowledge in plastics materials and manufacturing principles of polymer... more The Industrial designers' knowledge in plastics materials and manufacturing principles of polymer products is very important for the innovative strength of the industry, according to a group of Danish plastics manufacturers, design students and practicing industrial designers. These three groups answered the first Danish national survey, PD13[1], investigating the importance of industrial designers' knowledge in plastics and the collaboration between designers and the polymer industry. The plastics industry and the industrial designers collaborate well, but both groups frequently experience that the designers' lack of knowledge concerning polymer materials and manufacturing methods can be problematic or annoying, and design students from most Danish design universities express the need for more contact with the industry and more competencies and tools to handle even simple topics when designing plastic products.
This paper focuses on the introduction of creative methods and approaches to the staff in a major... more This paper focuses on the introduction of creative methods and approaches to the staff in a major public service institution in collaboration with design researchers and design students. The project aim was to enhance creativity and innovation with focus on the future well-being for the staff and the relevant stakeholders as well as to teach the participants how to create new products and solutions for hospital environments in general. Several experiments are made these years to define and integrate the needs of the users or even to involve the users and stakeholders deeper in more stages in the design process. In the MIPS-project (MIPS = Employee-Driven Innovation in the Health Care sector) a multidisciplinary group of employees at Aalborg Hospital were trained in handling the design process themselves. This should make it possible to promote employee-driven innovation based upon the daily observations or tacit knowledge among colleagues in a complex organization. The set-up of the project was organized as a series of workshops also involving design students, and the paper outlines the difficulties and results from the initiative. The project showed that designerly methods can be very effective in creating the participants' positive innovative approach, but also that it is a challenge to translate such methods and vocabulary, and more trained designerly assistance might need to be applied in the process.
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local prod... more ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local production networks and product-service systems. The role of the designer and the designers competences are put in perspective and outlined through an action research project, Den Grønne Møbel (DGM), where different design areas were coordinated in a business concept and an organization involving different stakeholders from designers and craftsmen to end-users. DGM has now for several years been producing furniture from ...
This research project investigates how procedures from agile software development can be of benef... more This research project investigates how procedures from agile software development can be of benefit to development activities in projects of design engineering students. The agile methods Scrum and Time boxing are evaluated through a student workshop focusing on near-future concepts for design competitions. Scrum meetings within the student design teams are conducted and video documented each hour throughout the workshop activities as a structured process evaluation tool. Based on a subsequent student survey it is argued that scrum and time boxing are strengthening the focus, communication and awareness of methodical efficiency of the student teams. It is therefore further argued that these methods are both applicable and useful to none-software projects, and that they may correspond to a general tendency of a faster pace in product development within the markets of lifestyle products.
How can design students do research-oriented projects about design themes? At the 3rd semester at... more How can design students do research-oriented projects about design themes? At the 3rd semester at the Industrial Design Master Program at Aalborg University this is done by taking research oriented learning objectives on design theories and methods and combining them with experimental case studies with or without external parties like companies and consultancies. Programming the project is a large part of the 2½ month long project work and a “program” is handed in and evaluated after 3 weeks. During this programming the design students are going through a pre-reflection process, where they are designing the setup including the experiment or case that they will be carrying out. This approach shares characteristics of a regular research project, but the extent and level of complexity is much lower and the experiment and case is larger part of the project. At the other end of the project the analysis and discussion of the project is also significantly less in extent and complexity. This paper will use four case projects to demonstrate the variety and range of projects carried out under this research-oriented semester called “Research & Strategy”. Even with a variety in extent, context and structure they all meet the learning objectives and the output of the projects are beyond ordinary design proposals, instead they are centered on methodological issues and suggestion for improvements providing collaborating partners with valuable insight and feedback. At the same time the scientific attitude and professional self-reflection amongst students are improved.
Motivated by the growing number of hybrid products with extensive software and service components... more Motivated by the growing number of hybrid products with extensive software and service components, this paper reviews four representative agile methods from the domain of software for their applicability to both the industrial design education and practice. The review is based on a comparative analysis of the methods through four scopes, including their application spectrum, level of guidance, process coverage and project management capabilities. Based on the analysis, it is argued that agile methods are able to offer design students the tools for bridging the gap between the software development teams and their own domain of physical product development.
The research field concerning optimizing product sound quality is a relatively unexplored area, a... more The research field concerning optimizing product sound quality is a relatively unexplored area, and may become difficult for designers to operate in. To some degree, sound is a highly subjective parameter, which is normally targeted sound specialists. This paper describes the theoretical and practical background for managing a process of optimizing the mechanical sound quality in a product design by using simple tools and workshops systematically. The procedure is illustrated by a case study of a computer navigation tool (computer mouse or mouse). The process is divided into 4 phases, which clarify the importance of product sound, defining perceptive demands identified by users, and, finally, how to suggest mechanical principles for modification of an existing sound design. The optimized mechanical sound design is followed by tests on users of the product in its use context. The result of this article is a systematic process making it possible to enhance the knowledge on sound design in products and its cause and effects.
An important competence for designers is the ability to communicate and present ideas and proposa... more An important competence for designers is the ability to communicate and present ideas and proposals for customers, partners, investors and colleagues. The Pecha Kucha principle, developed by Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham, has become a widely used and easy format for the presentation of new concepts and ideas in many areas and avoiding “Death by Powerpoint”. This paper discusses the need and tools for making short presentations and describes the result from a business development project where engineering graduate students in architecture and design used the Pecha Kucha format to present their proposals at the final examination of their project work.
The authors conclude that Pecha Kucha is suitable for this type of presentations, although the flow of such presentations should be considered if used in connection with formal examination.
During the last ten years the structure in Danish design engineering education has changed a lot.... more During the last ten years the structure in Danish design engineering education has changed a lot. Attempts to set up educations with a strong blend of designing and engineering skills have broken a long tradition of industrial designers graduating only from beaux-art schools or arts and crafts schools. Despite the instant success seen in intake numbers, low dropout rates, high popularity in the industry and an extraordinarily fine employment rate, these educations are up against static conceptions by the professional organisations and also government resistance. This paper describes the principles and results of the first Danish education of this kind at Aalborg University and outlines the paradoxical resistance and conservative attitude that such educations are still fighting against.
English: (danish text underneath)
There are several problems to handle when setting up collabo... more English: (danish text underneath)
There are several problems to handle when setting up collaborative projects between University
Design Programs and external partners like companies. Research in this area would therefore be of
educational relevance, and the paper lines up significant problems followed by suggestions to create a
smoother collaboration between such parts. According to a global survey10 in this area university
teachers and design program managers in many parts of the world highly value collaborative projects
with external partners like industrial companies. It is often problematic, though, to agree upon
conditions that satisfy the company and the university when it comes to matters like confidentiality
and intellectual rights property. The involved students and staff from the university and the companies
find themselves in a grey zone with only a few if any standard solutions. The author therefore suggest
a scale that balances the involvement, investment and benefits from the involved parts and gives 3
examples on types of collaboration that could be used as a reference to qualify the discussion among
the involved parts in collaborative projects.
Dette paper oplister betydende problemstillinger i samarbejdsprojekter mellem designuddannelser og eksterne parter såsom virksomheder. Der opstilles tillige en række samarbejdsmodeller, der foreslås anvendt for mere smidigt samarbejde. Ifølge en global screening om virksomhedssamarbejde med 10 universiteters designuddannelser, sættes der stor pris på sådanne samarbejder. Men det er ofte svært at enes om betingelser, der tilfredsstiller alle parter, når det drejer sig om forhold såsom tavshedspligt, ophavsrettigheder og lignende.
I den sammenhæng arvejder studerende og ansatte på både universitet og i samarbejdsvirksomhederne i en gråzone med få eller ingen standardløsninger.
Forfatterne foreslår derfor en skala, der afbalancerer involvering, investering og gevinster ved sådanne samarbejder og giver 3 eksempler på samarbejdstyper, der kan bruges som reference til at kvalificere diskussionen mellem parterne i denne type samarbejdsforhold.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on …, Jan 1, 2009
Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ... more Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ways to prepare industrial design and design engineering students for professional practice. Such projects are set up all over the world and this paper describes the result of a survey that focus on the practice and experience from 12 such educations covering several continents. Teachers and study managers have been asked to describe the content and direction of their academic programs and how they organize and structure student's participation in collaborative projects. They also respond to questions regarding the benefits and disadvantages in project cooperation with external partners like companies. The survey shows that in general the industrial design and design engineering programs highly appreciate cooperative projects with external partners and all the programs run such projects during the 4 th year of study. Big differences in student group sizes, company size etc. show differences between the educational practice in different institutions.
The paper shortly presents a teaching method, the Integrated Design Process (IDP), used for the A... more The paper shortly presents a teaching method, the Integrated Design Process (IDP), used for the Architecture specialization at Architecture & Design in the problem based learning environment at Aalborg University (AAU). It also explains the difference between this approach and traditional design approaches to buildings. When using this IDP method designing sustainable buildings we can lower the energy use in the building with a considerable amount. The IDP focuses on combining the architectural approach with engineering parameters in order to achieve a more inter-disciplinary and holistic approach to environmental sustainable architecture. The goal is to reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling and thereby bringing down the emission of CO 2 by reducing the amount of fossil fuel consumed by the built environment, addressing this issue already in the early stages of the design process. Since 2005 the Master of Science education in engineering with specialization in Architecture has been offered in English at AAU enabling foreign students to participate in the master program. The education has lecturers from architecture and design and civil engineering. Graduates from AAU are highly valued in industry, typically because their expertise in group work and their focus on problem-solving in context are well developed compared to graduates from traditional engineering and architecture programs. The students are trained in inter-disciplinary problem solving and how to build low energy buildings. The paper also includes a case of a housing proposal in Environmental Sustainable Architecture from the master program and discusses barriers and benefits from that approach.
... Education in Sustainable Architecture for the future For a joint climate action! Mary-Ann K... more ... Education in Sustainable Architecture for the future For a joint climate action! Mary-Ann Knudstrup 1 , Kaare Eriksen 1 , Mads Dines Petersen 1 1Department of Architecture & Design, Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark ABSTRACT ...
ABSTRACT Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be... more ABSTRACT Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ways to prepare industrial design and design engineering students for professional practice. Such projects are set up all over the world and this paper describes ...
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local prod... more ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local production networks and product-service systems. The role of the designer and the designers competences are put in perspective and outlined through an action research project, Den Grønne Møbel (DGM), where different design areas were coordinated in a business concept and an organization involving different stakeholders from designers and craftsmen to end-users. DGM has now for several years been producing furniture from ...
The Industrial designers' knowledge in plastics materials and manufacturing principles of polymer... more The Industrial designers' knowledge in plastics materials and manufacturing principles of polymer products is very important for the innovative strength of the industry, according to a group of Danish plastics manufacturers, design students and practicing industrial designers. These three groups answered the first Danish national survey, PD13[1], investigating the importance of industrial designers' knowledge in plastics and the collaboration between designers and the polymer industry. The plastics industry and the industrial designers collaborate well, but both groups frequently experience that the designers' lack of knowledge concerning polymer materials and manufacturing methods can be problematic or annoying, and design students from most Danish design universities express the need for more contact with the industry and more competencies and tools to handle even simple topics when designing plastic products.
This paper focuses on the introduction of creative methods and approaches to the staff in a major... more This paper focuses on the introduction of creative methods and approaches to the staff in a major public service institution in collaboration with design researchers and design students. The project aim was to enhance creativity and innovation with focus on the future well-being for the staff and the relevant stakeholders as well as to teach the participants how to create new products and solutions for hospital environments in general. Several experiments are made these years to define and integrate the needs of the users or even to involve the users and stakeholders deeper in more stages in the design process. In the MIPS-project (MIPS = Employee-Driven Innovation in the Health Care sector) a multidisciplinary group of employees at Aalborg Hospital were trained in handling the design process themselves. This should make it possible to promote employee-driven innovation based upon the daily observations or tacit knowledge among colleagues in a complex organization. The set-up of the project was organized as a series of workshops also involving design students, and the paper outlines the difficulties and results from the initiative. The project showed that designerly methods can be very effective in creating the participants' positive innovative approach, but also that it is a challenge to translate such methods and vocabulary, and more trained designerly assistance might need to be applied in the process.
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local prod... more ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local production networks and product-service systems. The role of the designer and the designers competences are put in perspective and outlined through an action research project, Den Grønne Møbel (DGM), where different design areas were coordinated in a business concept and an organization involving different stakeholders from designers and craftsmen to end-users. DGM has now for several years been producing furniture from ...
This research project investigates how procedures from agile software development can be of benef... more This research project investigates how procedures from agile software development can be of benefit to development activities in projects of design engineering students. The agile methods Scrum and Time boxing are evaluated through a student workshop focusing on near-future concepts for design competitions. Scrum meetings within the student design teams are conducted and video documented each hour throughout the workshop activities as a structured process evaluation tool. Based on a subsequent student survey it is argued that scrum and time boxing are strengthening the focus, communication and awareness of methodical efficiency of the student teams. It is therefore further argued that these methods are both applicable and useful to none-software projects, and that they may correspond to a general tendency of a faster pace in product development within the markets of lifestyle products.
How can design students do research-oriented projects about design themes? At the 3rd semester at... more How can design students do research-oriented projects about design themes? At the 3rd semester at the Industrial Design Master Program at Aalborg University this is done by taking research oriented learning objectives on design theories and methods and combining them with experimental case studies with or without external parties like companies and consultancies. Programming the project is a large part of the 2½ month long project work and a “program” is handed in and evaluated after 3 weeks. During this programming the design students are going through a pre-reflection process, where they are designing the setup including the experiment or case that they will be carrying out. This approach shares characteristics of a regular research project, but the extent and level of complexity is much lower and the experiment and case is larger part of the project. At the other end of the project the analysis and discussion of the project is also significantly less in extent and complexity. This paper will use four case projects to demonstrate the variety and range of projects carried out under this research-oriented semester called “Research & Strategy”. Even with a variety in extent, context and structure they all meet the learning objectives and the output of the projects are beyond ordinary design proposals, instead they are centered on methodological issues and suggestion for improvements providing collaborating partners with valuable insight and feedback. At the same time the scientific attitude and professional self-reflection amongst students are improved.
Motivated by the growing number of hybrid products with extensive software and service components... more Motivated by the growing number of hybrid products with extensive software and service components, this paper reviews four representative agile methods from the domain of software for their applicability to both the industrial design education and practice. The review is based on a comparative analysis of the methods through four scopes, including their application spectrum, level of guidance, process coverage and project management capabilities. Based on the analysis, it is argued that agile methods are able to offer design students the tools for bridging the gap between the software development teams and their own domain of physical product development.
The research field concerning optimizing product sound quality is a relatively unexplored area, a... more The research field concerning optimizing product sound quality is a relatively unexplored area, and may become difficult for designers to operate in. To some degree, sound is a highly subjective parameter, which is normally targeted sound specialists. This paper describes the theoretical and practical background for managing a process of optimizing the mechanical sound quality in a product design by using simple tools and workshops systematically. The procedure is illustrated by a case study of a computer navigation tool (computer mouse or mouse). The process is divided into 4 phases, which clarify the importance of product sound, defining perceptive demands identified by users, and, finally, how to suggest mechanical principles for modification of an existing sound design. The optimized mechanical sound design is followed by tests on users of the product in its use context. The result of this article is a systematic process making it possible to enhance the knowledge on sound design in products and its cause and effects.
An important competence for designers is the ability to communicate and present ideas and proposa... more An important competence for designers is the ability to communicate and present ideas and proposals for customers, partners, investors and colleagues. The Pecha Kucha principle, developed by Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham, has become a widely used and easy format for the presentation of new concepts and ideas in many areas and avoiding “Death by Powerpoint”. This paper discusses the need and tools for making short presentations and describes the result from a business development project where engineering graduate students in architecture and design used the Pecha Kucha format to present their proposals at the final examination of their project work.
The authors conclude that Pecha Kucha is suitable for this type of presentations, although the flow of such presentations should be considered if used in connection with formal examination.
During the last ten years the structure in Danish design engineering education has changed a lot.... more During the last ten years the structure in Danish design engineering education has changed a lot. Attempts to set up educations with a strong blend of designing and engineering skills have broken a long tradition of industrial designers graduating only from beaux-art schools or arts and crafts schools. Despite the instant success seen in intake numbers, low dropout rates, high popularity in the industry and an extraordinarily fine employment rate, these educations are up against static conceptions by the professional organisations and also government resistance. This paper describes the principles and results of the first Danish education of this kind at Aalborg University and outlines the paradoxical resistance and conservative attitude that such educations are still fighting against.
English: (danish text underneath)
There are several problems to handle when setting up collabo... more English: (danish text underneath)
There are several problems to handle when setting up collaborative projects between University
Design Programs and external partners like companies. Research in this area would therefore be of
educational relevance, and the paper lines up significant problems followed by suggestions to create a
smoother collaboration between such parts. According to a global survey10 in this area university
teachers and design program managers in many parts of the world highly value collaborative projects
with external partners like industrial companies. It is often problematic, though, to agree upon
conditions that satisfy the company and the university when it comes to matters like confidentiality
and intellectual rights property. The involved students and staff from the university and the companies
find themselves in a grey zone with only a few if any standard solutions. The author therefore suggest
a scale that balances the involvement, investment and benefits from the involved parts and gives 3
examples on types of collaboration that could be used as a reference to qualify the discussion among
the involved parts in collaborative projects.
Dette paper oplister betydende problemstillinger i samarbejdsprojekter mellem designuddannelser og eksterne parter såsom virksomheder. Der opstilles tillige en række samarbejdsmodeller, der foreslås anvendt for mere smidigt samarbejde. Ifølge en global screening om virksomhedssamarbejde med 10 universiteters designuddannelser, sættes der stor pris på sådanne samarbejder. Men det er ofte svært at enes om betingelser, der tilfredsstiller alle parter, når det drejer sig om forhold såsom tavshedspligt, ophavsrettigheder og lignende.
I den sammenhæng arvejder studerende og ansatte på både universitet og i samarbejdsvirksomhederne i en gråzone med få eller ingen standardløsninger.
Forfatterne foreslår derfor en skala, der afbalancerer involvering, investering og gevinster ved sådanne samarbejder og giver 3 eksempler på samarbejdstyper, der kan bruges som reference til at kvalificere diskussionen mellem parterne i denne type samarbejdsforhold.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on …, Jan 1, 2009
Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ... more Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ways to prepare industrial design and design engineering students for professional practice. Such projects are set up all over the world and this paper describes the result of a survey that focus on the practice and experience from 12 such educations covering several continents. Teachers and study managers have been asked to describe the content and direction of their academic programs and how they organize and structure student's participation in collaborative projects. They also respond to questions regarding the benefits and disadvantages in project cooperation with external partners like companies. The survey shows that in general the industrial design and design engineering programs highly appreciate cooperative projects with external partners and all the programs run such projects during the 4 th year of study. Big differences in student group sizes, company size etc. show differences between the educational practice in different institutions.
The paper shortly presents a teaching method, the Integrated Design Process (IDP), used for the A... more The paper shortly presents a teaching method, the Integrated Design Process (IDP), used for the Architecture specialization at Architecture & Design in the problem based learning environment at Aalborg University (AAU). It also explains the difference between this approach and traditional design approaches to buildings. When using this IDP method designing sustainable buildings we can lower the energy use in the building with a considerable amount. The IDP focuses on combining the architectural approach with engineering parameters in order to achieve a more inter-disciplinary and holistic approach to environmental sustainable architecture. The goal is to reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling and thereby bringing down the emission of CO 2 by reducing the amount of fossil fuel consumed by the built environment, addressing this issue already in the early stages of the design process. Since 2005 the Master of Science education in engineering with specialization in Architecture has been offered in English at AAU enabling foreign students to participate in the master program. The education has lecturers from architecture and design and civil engineering. Graduates from AAU are highly valued in industry, typically because their expertise in group work and their focus on problem-solving in context are well developed compared to graduates from traditional engineering and architecture programs. The students are trained in inter-disciplinary problem solving and how to build low energy buildings. The paper also includes a case of a housing proposal in Environmental Sustainable Architecture from the master program and discusses barriers and benefits from that approach.
... Education in Sustainable Architecture for the future For a joint climate action! Mary-Ann K... more ... Education in Sustainable Architecture for the future For a joint climate action! Mary-Ann Knudstrup 1 , Kaare Eriksen 1 , Mads Dines Petersen 1 1Department of Architecture & Design, Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark ABSTRACT ...
ABSTRACT Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be... more ABSTRACT Collaborative projects between educational institutions and external partners seem to be popular ways to prepare industrial design and design engineering students for professional practice. Such projects are set up all over the world and this paper describes ...
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local prod... more ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the current development in production culture, based on local production networks and product-service systems. The role of the designer and the designers competences are put in perspective and outlined through an action research project, Den Grønne Møbel (DGM), where different design areas were coordinated in a business concept and an organization involving different stakeholders from designers and craftsmen to end-users. DGM has now for several years been producing furniture from ...
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Papers by Kaare Eriksen
The authors conclude that Pecha Kucha is suitable for this type of presentations, although the flow of such presentations should be considered if used in connection with formal examination.
There are several problems to handle when setting up collaborative projects between University
Design Programs and external partners like companies. Research in this area would therefore be of
educational relevance, and the paper lines up significant problems followed by suggestions to create a
smoother collaboration between such parts. According to a global survey10 in this area university
teachers and design program managers in many parts of the world highly value collaborative projects
with external partners like industrial companies. It is often problematic, though, to agree upon
conditions that satisfy the company and the university when it comes to matters like confidentiality
and intellectual rights property. The involved students and staff from the university and the companies
find themselves in a grey zone with only a few if any standard solutions. The author therefore suggest
a scale that balances the involvement, investment and benefits from the involved parts and gives 3
examples on types of collaboration that could be used as a reference to qualify the discussion among
the involved parts in collaborative projects.
Dette paper oplister betydende problemstillinger i samarbejdsprojekter mellem designuddannelser og eksterne parter såsom virksomheder. Der opstilles tillige en række samarbejdsmodeller, der foreslås anvendt for mere smidigt samarbejde. Ifølge en global screening om virksomhedssamarbejde med 10 universiteters designuddannelser, sættes der stor pris på sådanne samarbejder. Men det er ofte svært at enes om betingelser, der tilfredsstiller alle parter, når det drejer sig om forhold såsom tavshedspligt, ophavsrettigheder og lignende.
I den sammenhæng arvejder studerende og ansatte på både universitet og i samarbejdsvirksomhederne i en gråzone med få eller ingen standardløsninger.
Forfatterne foreslår derfor en skala, der afbalancerer involvering, investering og gevinster ved sådanne samarbejder og giver 3 eksempler på samarbejdstyper, der kan bruges som reference til at kvalificere diskussionen mellem parterne i denne type samarbejdsforhold.
The authors conclude that Pecha Kucha is suitable for this type of presentations, although the flow of such presentations should be considered if used in connection with formal examination.
There are several problems to handle when setting up collaborative projects between University
Design Programs and external partners like companies. Research in this area would therefore be of
educational relevance, and the paper lines up significant problems followed by suggestions to create a
smoother collaboration between such parts. According to a global survey10 in this area university
teachers and design program managers in many parts of the world highly value collaborative projects
with external partners like industrial companies. It is often problematic, though, to agree upon
conditions that satisfy the company and the university when it comes to matters like confidentiality
and intellectual rights property. The involved students and staff from the university and the companies
find themselves in a grey zone with only a few if any standard solutions. The author therefore suggest
a scale that balances the involvement, investment and benefits from the involved parts and gives 3
examples on types of collaboration that could be used as a reference to qualify the discussion among
the involved parts in collaborative projects.
Dette paper oplister betydende problemstillinger i samarbejdsprojekter mellem designuddannelser og eksterne parter såsom virksomheder. Der opstilles tillige en række samarbejdsmodeller, der foreslås anvendt for mere smidigt samarbejde. Ifølge en global screening om virksomhedssamarbejde med 10 universiteters designuddannelser, sættes der stor pris på sådanne samarbejder. Men det er ofte svært at enes om betingelser, der tilfredsstiller alle parter, når det drejer sig om forhold såsom tavshedspligt, ophavsrettigheder og lignende.
I den sammenhæng arvejder studerende og ansatte på både universitet og i samarbejdsvirksomhederne i en gråzone med få eller ingen standardløsninger.
Forfatterne foreslår derfor en skala, der afbalancerer involvering, investering og gevinster ved sådanne samarbejder og giver 3 eksempler på samarbejdstyper, der kan bruges som reference til at kvalificere diskussionen mellem parterne i denne type samarbejdsforhold.