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Man Cheng

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Address: Central District, Hong Kong

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Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels

$Fig. 17 ACCT diagram of a typical rail steel (composition: 0.77% C, 0.95% Mn, 0.22% Si, 0.014% P, 0.017% S$, 0.10% Cn). Source: Ref 14 where YS is the 0.2% offset yield strength (in MPa), d is the bainite lath size (mean linear inter- - Bainitic steels are used in many applications including pressure vessels, backup rolls, turbine In low-carbon bainitic steels, type By (upper) bainite has inferior toughness to type B, (lower) bainite. In both cases, strength increases as the transition temperature decreases. In type Bz (up- per) bainite, the carbides are much coarser than in type B, (lower) bainite and have a tendency to crack and initiate cleavage (brittle) fracture. In type B, bainite, the small carbides have less ten- dency to fracture. One can lower the transition temperature in type B, bainitic steels by provid- ing a finer austenite grain size through lower- temperature thermomechanical treatment and grain refinement.$

$Fig. 24 Relationship between transformation tempera- ture and tensile strength of ferrite-pearlite, bain- itic, and martensitic steels. Source: Ref 5 Temper embrittlement is possible during the tempering of alloy and low-alloy steels. This em- brittlement occurs when quenched-and-tempered steels are heated in, or slow cooled through the 340 to 565 °C (650 to 1050 °F) temperature range. Embrittlement occurs when the embrit- tling elements, antimony, tin, and phosphorus, concentrate at the austenite grain boundaries and create intergranular segregation that leads to in- tergranular fracture. The element molybdenum$

Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels

$Fig. 17 ACCT diagram of a typical rail steel (composition: 0.77% C, 0.95% Mn, 0.22% Si, 0.014% P, 0.017% S$, 0.10% Cn). Source: Ref 14 where YS is the 0.2% offset yield strength (in MPa), d is the bainite lath size (mean linear inter- - Bainitic steels are used in many applications including pressure vessels, backup rolls, turbine In low-carbon bainitic steels, type By (upper) bainite has inferior toughness to type B, (lower) bainite. In both cases, strength increases as the transition temperature decreases. In type Bz (up- per) bainite, the carbides are much coarser than in type B, (lower) bainite and have a tendency to crack and initiate cleavage (brittle) fracture. In type B, bainite, the small carbides have less ten- dency to fracture. One can lower the transition temperature in type B, bainitic steels by provid- ing a finer austenite grain size through lower- temperature thermomechanical treatment and grain refinement.$

$Fig. 24 Relationship between transformation tempera- ture and tensile strength of ferrite-pearlite, bain- itic, and martensitic steels. Source: Ref 5 Temper embrittlement is possible during the tempering of alloy and low-alloy steels. This em- brittlement occurs when quenched-and-tempered steels are heated in, or slow cooled through the 340 to 565 °C (650 to 1050 °F) temperature range. Embrittlement occurs when the embrit- tling elements, antimony, tin, and phosphorus, concentrate at the austenite grain boundaries and create intergranular segregation that leads to in- tergranular fracture. The element molybdenum$

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